Aquilaria Sinensis
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Morphologically, the tree can grow up to 20 meters tall, with smooth grayish-brown bark and alternate, leathery leaves that are elliptical or lanceolate in shape. Its small, pale yellow-green flowers bloom in clusters, emitting a faint fragrance, and are followed by fusiform follicles containing seeds with terminal hairs that aid in wind dispersal.
The most notable characteristic of Aquilaria sinensis is its ability to produce agarwood, a highly valuable resinous wood. When the tree is injured by natural factors (e.g., storms, insect attacks) or artificial wounding, it secretes resin to heal the damaged tissue. Over time, the resin accumulates and combines with the wood to form agarwood, which has a rich, long-lasting aroma. This unique substance has been cherished for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine for its sedative, analgesic and qi-regulating properties, and is also a premium raw material for incense, perfumes and handicrafts.
Due to overexploitation for agarwood extraction and habitat destruction, wild populations of Aquilaria sinensis have declined sharply. It is listed as a Class II National Key Protected Wild Plant in China and is included in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which strictly regulates its international trade to prevent illegal harvesting and smuggling. In recent years, artificial cultivation of Aquilaria sinensis has been promoted to meet market demand while protecting wild resources.
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